KWAZULU-NATAL: Archaeologists have stumbled upon a remarkable find in South Africa, uncovering 60,000-year-old poison arrowheads, which are now recognized as the oldest known examples of such weapons. The international research team, including scientists from South Africa and Sweden, revealed that the arrowheads were treated with a poison derived from Boophone disticha, locally known as “gifbol.” This significant discovery not only confirms the use of poisoned arrows in ancient hunting practices but also showcases the advanced knowledge these hunter-gatherers possessed about natural toxins.

Professor Marlize Lombard from the Palaeo-Research Institute at the University of Johannesburg stated, “This is the oldest direct evidence that humans used arrow poison. It shows that our ancestors in southern Africa not only invented the bow and arrow much earlier than previously thought but also understood how to use nature’s chemistry to increase hunting efficiency.” The researchers analyzed quartz arrowheads from the Umhlatuzana Rock Shelter, finding plant residue that confirmed the presence of buphanidrine and epibuphanisine—alkaloids unique to gifbol.

The implications of this research extend beyond the mere existence of these arrows; it surfaces a deeper understanding of early human cognitive capabilities. Professor Sven Isaksson from the Archaeological Research Laboratory at Stockholm University explains the relevance of such findings: “The fact that the same plant poison was used in both historical and prehistoric times indicates a long continuity of knowledge and tradition.” This suggests that the use of plant-based poisons in hunting was not a fleeting practice but part of a sustained tradition.

The researchers also highlighted that using arrow poison required foresight, strategy, and an understanding of its chemical effects. “Using arrow poison requires planning, patience, and an understanding of cause and effect,” noted Professor Anders Högberg of Linnaeus University. The findings provide direct evidence of sophisticated hunting practices, demonstrating an impressive grasp of biology and ecology by early humans in Africa.

The study, published in *Science Advances*, illustrates the complexity and depth of human intelligence long before the establishment of organized societies, marking a significant milestone in understanding technological progress in prehistoric times. The collaborative effort between the South African and Swedish research teams underscores the importance of international partnerships in archaeological research, paving the way for future endeavors that could further illuminate our understanding of early human life.