MUMBAI: In a groundbreaking study published in Science Advances, a team of scientists has unveiled the oldest known evidence of poisoned arrows, indicating that humans were utilizing advanced hunting techniques in South Africa roughly 60,000 years ago. Microscopic analysis of quartz microliths from the Umhlatuzana Rock Shelter in KwaZulu-Natal revealed traces of potent neurotoxins applied to the arrowheads, affirming the theory that our ancestors possessed sophisticated knowledge of chemistry and poison.

Professor Marlize Lombard of the Palaeo-Research Institute at the University of Johannesburg remarked, "This is the oldest direct evidence that humans used arrow poison. It shows that our ancestors in southern Africa not only invented the bow and arrow much earlier than previously thought, but also understood how to use nature’s chemistry to increase hunting efficiency." This study offers a stark contrast to previously established timelines, where evidence of poisoned arrows only extended back to around 6,000 years ago.

To uncover this ancient technology, researchers employed advanced chemical analysis techniques, specifically Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. They discovered that five out of ten quartz microliths tested positive for buphanidrine and epibuphanisine, both derived from the “Bushman’s poison bulb.” This plant has long been used in various African cultures to create effective hunting poisons. What makes this finding particularly remarkable is not only the knowledge of poison but also the meticulous way in which it was applied—integrated into an adhesive to ensure that it would effectively enhance the lethality of the arrow.

The implications of this research extend beyond mere hunting methods; they suggest a complex "knowledge system" that reflects a cognitive leap in early human understanding. “Using arrow poison requires planning, patience, and an understanding of cause and effect,” explains Professor Anders Högberg from Linnaeus University. This reflects not just tool-making but a deeper grasp of the natural world, indicating advanced thinking in our ancestors who crafted these weapons against formidable prey.

The findings present a fascinating glimpse into the lives of early humans and their capability for innovation and adaptation, carried out over many millennia in response to their environment.